Biallelic variants in RNU2-2 cause a remarkably frequent developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Abstract

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) affect 2-4% of the population, are predominantly genetic and remain unsolved in ~50% of individuals. We show that rare biallelic variants in RNU2-2 are enriched and over-transmitted in individuals with unresolved NDDs. We define a recessive RNU2-2 syndrome, delineate its unique genetic architecture and show that it manifests clinically as a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. We find that candidate biallelic variants are significantly correlated with reduced U2-2 abundance, implicating compromised transcript stability as a probable pathomechanism. We identify a decreased ratio of U2-2 to its paralog U2-1 as a potential diagnostic biomarker for this condition. We show that the recessive RNU2-2 syndrome is genetically, clinically and mechanistically distinct from the dominant RNU2-2 disorder. Within our cohort, the recessive RNU2-2 syndrome emerges as by far the most frequent recessive NDD, greatly disproportionate to the small genomic footprint of this non-protein-coding gene.Copyright © The Author(s) 2026.