Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://repository.monashhealth.org/monashhealthjspui/handle/1/27381| Title: | Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. | Authors: | Shetty B.P.;Tekle D.Y.;Temam Shifa G.;Temsah M.-H.;Terkawi A.S.;Tesema C.L.;Tesssema B.;Theis A.;Thomas N.;Thompson A.H.;Thomson A.J.;Tiruye T.Y.;Tobe-Gai R.;Tonelli M.;Topor-Madry R.;Topouzis F.;Tortajada M.;Tran B.X.;Truelsen T.;Trujillo U.;Tsilimparis N.;Tuem K.B.;Tuzcu E.M.;Tyrovolas S.;Ukwaja K.N.;Undurraga E.A.;Uthman O.A.;Uzochukwu B.S.C.;Van Boven J.F.M.;Varakin Y.Y.;Varughese S.;Vasankari T.;Vasconcelos A.M.N.;Venketasubramanian N.;Vidavalur R.;Violante F.S.;Vishnu A.;Vladimirov S.K.;Vlassov V.V.;Vollset S.E.;Vos T.;Waid J.L.;Wakayo T.;Wang Y.-P.;Weichenthal S.;Weiderpass E.;Weintraub R.G.;Werdecker A.;Wesana J.;Wijeratne T.;Wilkinson J.D.;Wiysonge C.S.;Woldeyes B.G.;Wolfe C.D.A.;Workicho A.;Workie S.B.;Xavier D.;Xu G.;Yaghoubi M.;Yakob B.;Yalew A.Z.;Yan L.L.;Yano Y.;Yaseri M.;Ye P.;Yimam H.H.;Yip P.;Yirsaw B.D.;Yonemoto N.;Yoon S.-J.;Yotebieng M.;Younis M.Z.;Zaidi Z.;El Sayed Zaki M.;Zeeb H.;Zenebe Z.M.;Zerfu T.A.;Zhang A.L.;Zhang X.;Zodpey S.;Zuhlke L.J.;Lopez A.D.;Murray C.J.L.;De Courten B. ;Singh A. ;Thrift A.G. ;Wang H.;Abajobir A.A.;Abate K.H.;Abbafati C.;Abbas K.M.;Abd-Allah F.;Abera S.F.;Abraha H.N.;Abu-Raddad L.J.;Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E.;Adedeji I.A.;Adedoyin R.A.;Adetifa I.M.O.;Adetokunboh O.;Afshin A.;Aggarwal R.;Agrawal A.;Agrawal S.;Ahmad Kiadaliri A.;Ahmed M.B.;Aichour A.N.;Aichour I.;Aichour M.T.E.;Aiyar S.;Akanda A.S.;Akinyemiju T.F.;Akseer N.;Al-Eyadhy A.;Al Lami F.H.;Alabed S.;Alahdab F.;Al-Aly Z.;Alam K.;Alam N.;Alasfoor D.;Aldridge R.W.;Alene K.A.;Alhabib S.;Ali R.;Alizadeh-Navaei R.;Aljunid S.M.;Alkaabi J.M.;Alkerwi A.;Alla F.;Allam S.D.;Allebeck P.;Al-Raddadi R.;Alsharif U.;Altirkawi K.A.;Martin E.A.;Alvis-Guzman N.;Amare A.T.;Ameh E.A.;Amini E.;Ammar W.;Amoako Y.A.;Anber N.;Andrei C.L.;Androudi S.;Ansari H.;Ansha M.G.;Antonio C.A.T.;Anwari P.;Arnlov J.;Arora M.;Artaman A.;Aryal K.K.;Asayesh H.;Asgedom S.W.;Asghar R.J.;Assadi R.;Atey T.M.;Atre S.R.;Avila-Burgos L.;Avokpaho E.F.G.A.;Awasthi A.;Ayala Quintanilla B.P.;Babalola T.K.;Bacha U.;Badawi A.;Balakrishnan K.;Balalla S.;Barac A.;Barber R.M.;Barboza M.A.;Barker-Collo S.L.;Barnighausen T.;Barquera S.;Barregard L.;Barrero L.H.;Baune B.T.;Bazargan-Hejazi S.;Bedi N.;Beghi E.;Bejot Y.;Bekele B.B.;Bell M.L.;Bello A.K.;Bennett D.A.;Bennett J.R.;Bensenor I.M.;Benson J.;Berhane A.;Berhe D.F.;Bernabe E.;Beuran M.;Beyene A.S.;Bhala N.;Bhansali A.;Bhaumik S.;Bhutta Z.A.;Bikbov B.;Birungi C.;Biryukov S.;Bisanzio D.;Bizuayehu H.M.;Bjerregaard P.;Blosser C.D.;Boneya D.J.;Boufous S.;Bourne R.R.A.;Brazinova A.;Breitborde N.J.K.;Brenner H.;Brugha T.S.;Bukhman G.;Bulto L.N.B.;Bumgarner B.R.;Burch M.;Butt Z.A.;Cahill L.E.;Cahuana-Hurtado L.;Campos-Nonato I.R.;Car J.;Car M.;Cardenas R.;Carpenter D.O.;Carrero J.J.;Carter A.;Castaneda-Orjuela C.A.;Castillo Rivas J.;Castro F.F.;Castro R.E.;Catala-Lopez F.;Chen H.;Chiang P.P.-C.;Chibalabala M.;Chisumpa V.H.;Chitheer A.A.;Choi J.-Y.J.;Christensen H.;Christopher D.J.;Ciobanu L.G.;Cirillo M.;Cohen A.J.;Colquhoun S.M.;Coresh J.;Criqui M.H.;Cromwell E.A.;Crump J.A.;Dandona L.;Dandona R.;Dargan P.I.;Das Neves J.;Davey G.;Davitoiu D.V.;Davletov K.;De Leo D.;Degenhardt L.;Deiparine S.;Dellavalle R.P.;Deribe K.;Deribew A.;Des Jarlais D.C.;Dey S.;Dharmaratne S.D.;Dherani M.K.;Diaz-Torne C.;Ding E.L.;Dixit P.;Djalalinia S.;Do H.P.;Doku D.T.;Donnelly C.A.;Dos Santos K.P.B.;Douwes-Schultz D.;Driscoll T.R.;Duan L.;Dubey M.;Duncan B.B.;Dwivedi L.K.;Ebrahimi H.;El Bcheraoui C.;Ellingsen C.L.;Enayati A.;Endries A.Y.;Ermakov S.P.;Eshetie S.;Eshrati B.;Eskandarieh S.;Esteghamati A.;Estep K.;Fanuel F.B.B.;Faro A.;Farvid M.S.;Farzadfar F.;Feigin V.L.;Fereshtehnejad S.-M.;Fernandes J.G.;Fernandes J.C.;Feyissa T.R.;Filip I.;Fischer F.;Foigt N.;Foreman K.J.;Frank T.;Franklin R.C.;Fraser M.;Friedman J.;Frostad J.J.;Fullman N.;Furst T.;Furtado J.M.;Futran N.D.;Gakidou E.;Gambashidze K.;Gamkrelidze A.;Gankpe F.G.;Garcia-Basteiro A.L.;Gebregergs G.B.;Gebrehiwot T.T.;Gebrekidan K.G.;Gebremichael M.W.;Gelaye A.A.;Geleijnse J.M.;Gemechu B.L.;Gemechu K.S.;Genova-Maleras R.;Gesesew H.A.;Gething P.W.;Gibney K.B.;Gill P.S.;Gillum R.F.;Giref A.Z.;Girma B.W.;Giussani G.;Goenka S.;Gomez B.;Gona P.N.;Gopalani S.V.;Goulart A.C.;Graetz N.;Gugnani H.C.;Gupta P.C.;Gupta R.;Gupta T.;Gupta V.;Haagsma J.A.;Hafezi-Nejad N.;Haghparast Bidgoli H.;Hakuzimana A.;Halasa Y.A.;Hamadeh R.R.;Hambisa M.T.;Hamidi S.;Hammami M.;Hancock J.;Handal A.J.;Hankey G.J.;Hao Y.;Harb H.L.;Hareri H.A.;Harikrishnan S.;Haro J.M.;Hassanvand M.S.;Havmoeller R.;Hay R.J.;Hay S.I.;He F.;Heredia-Pi I.B.;Herteliu C.;Hilawe E.H.;Hoek H.W.;Horita N.;Hosgood H.D.;Hostiuc S.;Hotez P.J.;Hoy D.G.;Hsairi M.;Htet A.S.;Hu G.;Huang H.;Huang J.J.;Iburg K.M.;Igumbor E.U.;Ileanu B.V.;Inoue M.;Irenso A.A.;Irvine C.M.S.;Islam N.;Jacobsen K.H.;Jaenisch T.;Jahanmehr N.;Jakovljevic M.B.;Javanbakht M.;Jayatilleke A.U.;Jeemon P.;Jensen P.N.;Jha V.;Jin Y.;John D.;John O.;Johnson S.C.;Jonas J.B.;Jurisson M.;Kabir Z.;Kadel R.;Kahsay A.;Kalkonde Y.;Kamal R.;Kan H.;Karch A.;Karema C.K.;Karimi S.M.;Karthikeyan G.;Kasaeian A.;Kassaw N.A.;Kassebaum N.J.;Kastor A.;Katikireddi S.V.;Kaul A.;Kawakami N.;Kazanjan K.;Keiyoro P.N.;Kelbore S.G.;Kemp A.H.;Kengne A.P.;Keren A.;Kereselidze M.;Kesavachandran C.N.;Ketema E.B.;Khader Y.S.;Khalil I.A.;Khan E.A.;Khan G.;Khang Y.-H.;Khera S.;Khoja A.T.A.;Khosravi M.H.;Kibret G.D.;Kieling C.;Kim C.-I.;Kim D.;Kim P.;Kim S.;Kim Y.J.;Kimokoti R.W.;Kinfu Y.;Kishawi S.;Kissimova-Skarbek K.A.;Kissoon N.;Kivimaki M.;Knudsen A.K.;Kokubo Y.;Kopec J.A.;Kosen S.;Koul P.A.;Koyanagi A.;Kravchenko M.;Krohn K.J.;Kuate Defo B.;Kucuk Bicer B.;Kuipers E.J.;Kulikoff X.R.;Kulkarni V.S.;Kumar G.A.;Kumar P.;Kumsa F.A.;Kutz M.;Lachat C.;Lagat A.K.;Lager A.C.J.;Lal D.K.;Lalloo R.;Lambert N.;Lan Q.;Lansingh V.C.;Larson H.J.;Larsson A.;Laryea D.O.;Lavados P.M.;Laxmaiah A.;Lee P.H.;Leigh J.;Leung J.;Leung R.;Levi M.;Li Y.;Liao Y.;Liben M.L.;Lim S.S.;Linn S.;Lipshultz S.E.;Liu S.;Lodha R.;Logroscino G.;Lorch S.A.;Lorkowski S.;Lotufo P.A.;Lozano R.;Lunevicius R.;Lyons R.A.;Ma S.;Macarayan E.R.K.;Machado I.E.;Mackay M.T.;Magdy Abd El Razek M.;Magis-Rodriguez C.;Mahdavi M.;Majdan M.;Majdzadeh R.;Majeed A.;Malekzadeh R.;Malhotra R.;Malta D.C.;Mantovani L.G.;Manyazewal T.;Mapoma C.C.;Marczak L.B.;Marks G.B.;Martinez-Raga J.;Martins-Melo F.R.;Massano J.;Maulik P.K.;Mayosi B.M.;Mazidi M.;McAlinden C.;McGarvey S.T.;McGrath J.J.;McKee M.;Mehata S.;Mehndiratta M.M.;Mehta K.M.;Meier T.;Mekonnen T.C.;Meles K.G.;Memiah P.;Memish Z.A.;Mendoza W.;Mengesha M.M.;Mengistie M.A.;Mengistu D.T.;Menon G.R.;Menota B.G.;Mensah G.A.;Meretoja A.;Meretoja T.J.;Mezgebe H.B.;Micha R.;Mikesell J.;Miller T.R.;Mills E.J.;Minnig S.;Mirarefin M.;Mirrakhimov E.M.;Misganaw A.;Mishra S.R.;Mohammad K.A.;Mohammadi A.;Mohammed K.E.;Mohammed S.;Mohan M.B.V.;Mohanty S.K.;Mokdad A.H.;Molla Assaye A.;Mollenkopf S.K.;Molokhia M.;Monasta L.;Montanez Hernandez J.C.;Montico M.;Mooney M.D.;Moore A.R.;Moradi-Lakeh M.;Moraga P.;Morawska L.;Moreno Velasquez I.;Mori R.;Morrison S.D.;Mruts K.B.;Mueller U.O.;Mullany E.;Muller K.;Murthy G.V.S.;Murthy S.;Musa K.I.;Nachega J.B.;Nagata C.;Nagel G.;Naghavi M.;Naidoo K.S.;Nanda L.;Nangia V.;Nascimento B.R.;Natarajan G.;Negoi I.;Nguyen C.T.;Nguyen G.;Nguyen Q.L.;Nguyen T.H.;Ningrum D.N.A.;Nisar M.I.;Nomura M.;Nong V.M.;Norheim O.F.;Norrving B.;Noubiap J.J.N.;Nyakarahuka L.;Obermeyer C.M.;O'Donnell M.J.;Ogbo F.A.;Oh I.-H.;Okoro A.;Oladimeji O.;Olagunju A.T.;Olusanya B.O.;Olusanya J.O.;Oren E.;Ortiz A.;Osgood-Zimmerman A.;Ota E.;Owolabi M.O.;Oyekale A.S.;Mahesh P.A.;Pacella R.E.;Pakhale S.;Pana A.;Panda B.K.;Panda-Jonas S.;Park E.-K.;Parsaeian M.;Patel T.;Patten S.B.;Patton G.C.;Paudel D.;Pereira D.M.;Perez-Padilla R.;Perez-Ruiz F.;Perico N.;Pervaiz A.;Pesudovs K.;Peterson C.B.;Petri W.A.;Petzold M.;Phillips M.R.;Piel F.B.;Pigott D.M.;Pishgar F.;Plass D.;Polinder S.;Popova S.;Postma M.J.;Poulton R.G.;Pourmalek F.;Prasad N.;Purwar M.;Qorbani M.;Rabiee R.H.S.;Radfar A.;Rafay A.;Rahimi-Movaghar A.;Rahimi-Movaghar V.;Rahman M.;Rahman M.H.U.;Rahman S.U.;Rai R.K.;Rajsic S.;Ram U.;Rana S.M.;Ranabhat C.L.;Rao P.V.;Rawaf S.;Ray S.E.;Rego M.A.S.;Rehm J.;Reiner R.C.;Remuzzi G.;Renzaho A.M.N.N.;Resnikoff S.;Rezaei S.;Rezai M.S.;Ribeiro A.L.;Rokni M.B.;Ronfani L.;Roshandel G.;Roth G.A.;Rothenbacher D.;Roy A.;Rubagotti E.;Ruhago G.M.;Saadat S.;Sabde Y.D.;Sachdev P.S.;Sadat N.;Safdarian M.;Safi S.;Safiri S.;Sagar R.;Sahathevan R.;Sahebkar A.;Sahraian M.A.;Salama J.;Salamati P.;Salomon J.A.;Salvi S.S.;Samy A.M.;Sanabria J.R.;Sanchez-Nino M.D.;Santos I.S.;Santric Milicevic M.M.;Sarmiento-Suarez R.;Sartorius B.;Satpathy M.;Sawhney M.;Saxena S.;Saylan M.I.;Schmidt M.I.;Schneider I.J.C.;Schutte A.E.;Schwebel D.C.;Schwendicke F.;Seedat S.;Seid A.M.;Sepanlou S.G.;Servan-Mori E.E.;Shackelford K.A.;Shaheen A.;Shahraz S.;Shaikh M.A.;Shamsipour M.;Shamsizadeh M.;Islam S.M.S.;Sharma J.;Sharma R.;She J.;Shen J.;Shi P.;Shibuya K.;Shigematsu M.;Shiri R.;Shiue I.;Shrime M.G.;Sigfusdottir I.D.;Silberberg D.H.;Silpakit N.;Silva D.A.S.;Silva J.P.;Silveira D.G.A.;Sindi S.;Singh J.A.;Singh P.K.;Singh V.;Sinha D.N.;Skiadaresi E.;Sligar A.;Smith D.L.;Sobaih B.H.A.;Sobngwi E.;Soneji S.;Soriano J.B.;Sreeramareddy C.T.;Srinivasan V.;Stathopoulou V.;Steel N.;Stein D.J.;Steiner C.;Stockl H.;Stokes M.A.;Strong M.;Sufiyan M.B.;Suliankatchi R.A.;Sunguya B.F.;Sur P.J.;Swaminathan S.;Sykes B.L.;Szoeke C.E.I.;Tabares-Seisdedos R.;Tadakamadla S.K.;Tadese F.;Tandon N.;Tanne D.;Tarajia M.;Tavakkoli M.;Taveira N.;Tehrani-Banihashemi A.;Tekelab T. | Institution: | (Wang, Afshin, Aiyar, Arora, Barber, Bennett, Benson, Biryukov, Bumgarner, Carter, Cromwell, Dandona, Dandona, Deiparine, Douwes-Schultz, El Bcheraoui, Estep, Foreman, Frank, Fraser, Friedman, Frostad, Fullman, Gakidou, Graetz, Hancock, Hay, He, Irvine, Johnson, Kassebaum, Khalil, Kim, Krohn, Kulikoff, Kutz, Larson, Lim, Marczak, Mikesell, Minnig, Mirarefin, Misganaw, Mokdad, Mollenkopf, Mooney, Mullany, Muller, Naghavi, Nguyen, Osgood-Zimmerman, Pigott, Ray, Reiner, Roth, Sadat, Salama, Shackelford, Silpakit, Sligar, Smith, Srinivasan, Steiner, Sur, Theis, Thompson, Vollset, Vos, Murray) Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States (Blosser, Futran, Jakovljevic, Jensen, Leung, Morrison) Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States (Abajobir, Leung) School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Lalloo, Mishra) School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Abate, Ahmed, Gebrehiwot, Gesesew, Mengistie, Wakayo, Workicho) College of Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia (Abbafati) La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Abbas) Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, United States (Abd-Allah) Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Abera, Gebregergs, Hilawe, Meles) School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Berhe) School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Gebrekidan) School of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Abraha, Asgedom, Atey, Gebremichael, Kahsay, Ketema, Mengistu, Mezgebe, Mohammed, Tekle, Tuem, Yalew, Zenebe) College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Abera) Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Abu-Raddad) Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar (Abu-Rmeileh) Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine (Adedeji) Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria (Adedoyin) Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (Adetifa, Larson, McKee, Murthy, Stockl) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Adetifa, Deribew) KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya (Adetokunboh, Nachega, Seedat, Wiysonge) Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Aggarwal, Awasthi, Prasad) Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Agrawal) CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India (Agrawal) Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States (Jeemon) Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Gurugram, India (Agrawal, Bhaumik, Dandona, Dandona, Goenka, Kumar, Lal, Zodpey) Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (Ahmad Kiadaliri) Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Norrving) Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Aichour) University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria (Aichour) National Institute of Nursing Education, Setif, Algeria (Aichour) High National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria (Akanda) University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States (Akinyemiju, Schwebel) Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States (Akseer, Bhutta) Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (Akseer, Rehm) Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Badawi) Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Popova) Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Al-Eyadhy, Altirkawi, Sobaih, Temsah) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al-Eyadhy, Temsah) King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Lami) Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq (Alabed, Strong) School of Health and Related Research, University of Shefield, Shefield, United Kingdom (Alahdab) Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States (Alahdab) Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States (Al-Aly) Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States (Alam, Colquhoun, Patton) Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Gibney) Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Lopez) Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Meretoja) Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Alam, Mackay, Szoeke, Wijeratne) Institute of Health and Ageing, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Driscoll) Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Alam, Leigh, Marks) Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Alam) Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Alasfoor) Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman (Aldridge) Centre for Public Health Data Science, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Birungi, Haghparast Bidgoli, Kivimaki) Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Alene) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Bekele, Eshetie, Tesssema) College of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Alene) Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia (Alhabib) King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Bennett) Nufield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Bisanzio, Deribew) Nufield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Gething) Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Ali, Hay, Jha) Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Alizadeh-Navaei) Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Rezai) Infectious Diseases Research Centre with Focus on Nosocomial Infection, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Aljunid) Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait (Aljunid) International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Alkaabi) College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Alain, United Arab Emirates (Alkerwi) Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg (Alla) School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France (Allam, Kishawi) University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States (Allebeck, Rabiee) Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Arnlov, Fereshtehnejad) Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Carrero, Havmoeller, Lager, Sindi, Weiderpass) Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Al-Raddadi) Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Alsharif) Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Martin) Spanish Observatory on Drugs, Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality, Madrid, Spain (Alvis-Guzman) Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia (Amare, Baune, Ciobanu) School of Medicine, Adealaide, SA, Australia (Olagunju) University of Adelaide, Adealaide, SA, Australia (Amare, Molla Assaye) College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Ameh) National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria (Amini, Pishgar) Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Amini, Ebrahimi, Farzadfar, Parsaeian, Pishgar) Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Esteghamati, Hafezi-Nejad, Kasaeian) Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Hassanvand) Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Kasaeian) Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Mahdavi) Institute of Health Policy and Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Majdzadeh) Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Community Based Participatory Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ebrahimi) Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Malekzadeh, Roshandel, Sepanlou) Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Parsaeian) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Rahimi-Movaghar) Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Rahimi-Movaghar, Saadat, Safdarian, Salamati) Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Sahraian) MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Rokni, Shamsipour, Yaseri) Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ammar, Harb) Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon (Amoako) Department of Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana (Laryea) Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (Anber, El Sayed Zaki) Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (Andrei, Davitoiu) University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (Androudi) University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (Ansari) Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ansha) West Hararghe Zonal Health Department, Chiro, Ethiopia (Antonio) Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines (Anwari) KabulAfghanistan (Arnlov) School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (Artaman) University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada (Aryal) Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal (Aryal, Htet) University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (Asayesh) Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Asghar) South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan (Assadi, Sahebkar) Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Atre) Centre for Clinical Global Health Education (CCGHE), Baltimore, MD, United States (Coresh, Khoja) Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States (Nachega, Tran) Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States (Atre) Dr. D Y Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, India (Avila-Burgos, Barquera, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, Heredia-Pi, Lozano, Montanez Hernandez, Servan-Mori) National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (Avokpaho) Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin (Avokpaho) Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin (Ayala Quintanilla) Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Ayala Quintanilla) Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru (Babalola, Olagunju) Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria (Bacha) School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (Badawi) Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada (Balakrishnan) Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India (Balalla, Feigin) National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand (Barac) Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Santric Milicevic) Institute of Social Medicine, Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Barboza) Hospital Dr Rafael A Calderon Guardia, CCSS, San Jose, Costa Rica (Barboza) Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica (Barker-Collo) School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (Barnighausen, Salomon) Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States (Farvid) Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States (Macarayan) Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States (Cahill, Campos-Nonato, Ding) Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States (Bukhman, Islam, Shrime) Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States (Barnighausen) Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa (Barnighausen, Mohammed) Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Barregard) Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Barrero) Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia (Bazargan-Hejazi) College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States (Bazargan-Hejazi) David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States (Bedi) College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia (Beghi, Giussani) IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (Bejot) University Hospital and Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France (Bekele, Yimam) College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia (Bell, Huang) Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States (Bello) University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (Santos) Internal Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Bensenor, Lotufo, Wang) Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Berhane) College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia (Hoek) Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (Berhe, Postma, Van Boven) University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (Bernabe, Hay, Molokhia, Wolfe) Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Beuran, Hostiuc, Negoi) Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (Beuran, Negoi) Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (Bulto, Gemechu, Irenso, Kumsa) Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia (Bhala) Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (Bhala) University of Otago Medical School, Wellington, New Zealand (Bhansali) Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (Bhutta, Nisar) Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan (Bikbov, Perico, Remuzzi) IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy (Bizuayehu, Boneya, Kibret, Tesema, Tiruye) Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia (Bjerregaard) National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark (Boufous) Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Degenhardt) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Resnikoff) Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Resnikoff, Sachdev) School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Bourne) Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Brazinova, Majdan) Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia (Brazinova) International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Vienna, Austria (Shen) College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States (Breitborde, Yotebieng) Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States (Brenner) German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (Brugha) University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (Bukhman) Partners in Health, Boston, MA, United States (Burch) Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom (Butt) Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (Cahill) Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Car) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore (Furst) Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (Majeed) Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (Car, Car, Donnelly, Foreman, Piel, Rawaf, Saxena) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (Car) Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia (Cardenas) Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico (Carpenter) University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States (Castaneda-Orjuela) Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia (Castaneda-Orjuela) Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Castillo Rivas) Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica (Castillo Rivas) Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica (Castro, Gomez, Moreno Velasquez) Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama (Castro) Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Catala-Lopez, Tabares-Seisdedos) Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain (Catala-Lopez) Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (Chen) Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States (Chiang) Clinical Governance Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, Australia (Chibalabala) Crowd Watch Africa, Lusaka, Zambia (Chisumpa, Mapoma) University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (Chisumpa) University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (Chitheer) Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq (Choi) Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (Choi) Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea (Christensen) Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Christopher, Thomas, Varughese) Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Cirillo) University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy (Cohen) Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States (Criqui) University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States (Crump) Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand (Poulton) University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (Dargan) Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (Das Neves) i3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Das Neves) INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Massano) Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Silva) UCIBIO at REQUIMTE, Toxicology Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Davey) University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Davey) Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex, Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom (Davletov) Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan (Davletov) School of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan (Thrift) Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Australia (De Courten) Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (De Leo) Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Dellavalle) School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States (Dellavalle) Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States (Deribe) Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom (Deribe) School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Giref, Hareri, Kassaw, Kelbore, Menota, Temam Shifa, Woldeyes, Yirsaw, Zerfu) Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Des Jarlais, Patel) Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, United States (Des Jarlais, Vishnu) Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States (Dharmaratne) Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Lunevicius) School of Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Dherani) University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Diaz-Torne) Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Dixit) Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India (Djalalinia) Undersecretary for Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Do, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nong) Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam (Doku) University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana (Doku) University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (Dos Santos) Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil (Driscoll) Sydney School of Public Health, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (Kemp) University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (Duan, Jin, Liu, Ye) National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control, Beijing, China (Dubey, Kastor, Kumar, Mohanty, Panda, Rahman, Ram, Singh) International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India (Duncan, Kieling, Schmidt) Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Duncan) University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States (Dwivedi) International Institute For Population Sciences, Mumbai, India (Knudsen) Centre for Disease Burden, Oslo, Norway (Vollset) Center for Disease Burden, Oslo, Norway (Ellingsen) Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Enayati) School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Endries, Temam Shifa) Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia (Ermakov) Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation (Ermakov) Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation (Eshrati) Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Eshrati) Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Eskandarieh) MS Research Center, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Fanuel) Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia (Girma) Teaching and Referral Hospital, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia (Fanuel, Gelaye, Workie) Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia (Faro) Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil (Farvid) Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States (Fernandes) Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Fernandes) CBQF - Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry - Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal (Feyissa, Tekelab) Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia (Filip) Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States (Fischer) School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany (Foigt) Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine (Franklin) James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia (Furst) Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland (Karema) Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (Furst) University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Furtado) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil (Gambashidze, Gamkrelidze, Kazanjan, Kereselidze) National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia (Gankpe) Leras Afrique, Cotonou, Benin (Gankpe) CHU Hassan II, Fes, Morocco (Garcia-Basteiro) Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique (Garcia-Basteiro) Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain (Gebrekidan) School of Nursing, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia (Geleijnse) Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (Gemechu) Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia (Genova-Maleras) Directorate General for Public Health, Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain (Genova-Maleras) National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain (Gesesew, Pesudovs) Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Gibney) Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Gill) Warwick Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (Gillum) Howard University, Washington, DC, United States (Gona) University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States (Gopalani) Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia (Goulart) Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Center, Hospital Universitario, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Goulart) Center of Check of Hospital Sirio Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Gugnani) Departments of Microbiology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter, Anguilla (Gupta) Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India (Gupta) West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States (Gupta) Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India (Gupta) Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States (Gupta, Hosgood) Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States (Gupta) Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India (Polinder) Department of Public Health, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Haagsma, Kuipers) Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Stein) Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa (Hakuzimana, Kengne, Mayosi, Noubiap) University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Hakuzimana) Euclid University, Banjul, Gambia (Halasa) Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States (Hamadeh) Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain (Hamidi) Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Hammami) Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States (Handal) University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States (Hankey, Sahebkar) School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Hankey) Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia (Hankey) Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia (Hao, Liao) School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Harikrishnan) Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India (Koyanagi) Research and Development Unit, Barcelona, Spain (Haro) Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Hay) International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom (Herteliu) Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest, Romania (Ileanu, Pana) Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania (Hilawe) Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Hoek) Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States (Horita) Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan (Hotez) College of Medicine, Baylor University, Houston, TX, United States (Hoy) Public Health Division, Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (Hsairi) Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia (Htet) International Relations Division, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar (Hu) Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China (Huang) Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States (McGrath) National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark (Iburg) Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Igumbor) US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa (Igumbor) School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa (Inoue) Division of Cohort Consortium Research, Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (Islam, Kissoon, Kopec, Murthy, Pourmalek) University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Jacobsen) Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States (Jaenisch) Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (Jahanmehr) School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Safi) Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Yaseri) Ophthalmic Research Center, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Jakovljevic) Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Jakovljevic) Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia (Javanbakht) University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (Jayatilleke) Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka (Jayatilleke) Institute of Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka (Jeemon) Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (Murthy) Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, India (Nanda) Public Health Foundation of India, Bhubaneswar, India (Jha, John, Maulik) George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India (John) International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India (Jonas) Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Jurisson) Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (Kabir) University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Kadel) London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom (Kalkonde) Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India (Kamal, Kesavachandran) CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India (She) Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (Kan) Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Karch) Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany (Karch) Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany (Karema) Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda (Karimi) University of Washington - Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States (Karthikeyan, Lodha, Malhotra, Roy, Sagar, Tandon) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Kassebaum) Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States (Katikireddi) MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Kaul) Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States (Kawakami) School of ... [Ovid has truncated this field to avoid Excel character limitations] | Issue Date: | 3-Nov-2017 | Copyright year: | 2017 | Publisher: | Lancet Publishing Group (E-mail: cususerv@lancet.com) | Place of publication: | United Kingdom | Publication information: | The Lancet. 390 (10100) (pp 1084-1150), 2017. Date of Publication: 16 Sep 2017. | Journal: | The Lancet | Abstract: | Background: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Method(s): We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Finding(s): Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates - a measure of relative inequality - increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled.Copyright © The Author(s). | DOI: | http://monash.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2817%2931833-0 | PubMed URL: | 28919115 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28919115] | ISSN: | 0140-6736 | URI: | https://repository.monashhealth.org/monashhealthjspui/handle/1/27381 | Type: | Article |
| Appears in Collections: | Articles |
Show full item record
Items in Monash Health Research Repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.