Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Soneji S.; Alahdab F.; Tehrani-Banihashemi A.; Terkawi A.S.; Tesssema B.; Thakur J.S.; Thamsuwan O.; Thankappan K.R.; Theis A.M.; Thomas M.L.; Thomson A.J.; Thrift A.G.; Tillmann T.; Tobe-Gai R.; Tobollik M.; Tollanes M.C.; Tonelli M.; Topor-Madry R.; Torre A.; Tortajada M.; Touvier M.; Tran B.X.; Truelsen T.; Tuem K.B.; Tuzcu E.M.; Tyrovolas S.; Ukwaja K.N.; Uneke C.J.; Updike R.; Uthman O.A.; Van Boven J.F.M.; Van Donkelaar A.; Varughese S.; Vasankari T.; Veerman L.J.; Venkateswaran V.; Venketasubramanian N.; Violante F.S.; Vladimirov S.K.; Vlassov V.V.; Vollset S.E.; Vos T.; Wadilo F.; Wakayo T.; Wallin M.T.; Wang Y.-P.; Weichenthal S.; Weiderpass E.; Weintraub R.G.; Weiss D.J.; Werdecker A.; Westerman R.; Whiteford H.A.; Wiysonge C.S.; Woldeyes B.G.; Wolfe C.D.A.; Woodbrook R.; Workicho A.; Wulf Hanson S.; Xavier D.; Xu G.; Yadgir S.; Yakob B.; Yan L.L.; Yaseri M.; Yimam H.H.; Yip P.; Yonemoto N.; Yoon S.-J.; Yotebieng M.; Younis M.Z.; Zaidi Z.; El Sayed Zaki M.; Zavala-Arciniega L.; Zhang X.; Zimsen S.R.M.; Zipkin B.; Zodpey S.; Lim S.S.; Murray C.J.L.; Gakidou E.; Afshin A.; Abajobir A.A.; Abate K.H.; Abbafati C.; Abbas K.M.; Abd-Allah F.; Abdulle A.M.; Abera S.F.; Aboyans V.; Abu-Raddad L.J.; Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E.; Abyu G.Y.; Adedeji I.A.; Adetokunboh O.; Afarideh M.; Agrawal A.; Agrawal S.; Ahmad Kiadaliri A.; Ahmadieh H.; Ahmed M.B.; Aichour A.N.; Aichour I.; Aichour M.T.E.; Akinyemi R.O.; Akseer N.; Al-Aly Z.; Alam K.; Alam N.; Alam T.; Alasfoor D.; Alene K.A.; Ali K.; Alizadeh-Navaei R.; Alkerwi A.; Alla F.; Allebeck P.; Al-Raddadi R.; Alsharif U.; Altirkawi K.A.; Alvis-Guzman N.; Amare A.T.; Amini E.; Ammar W.; Amoako Y.A.; Ansari H.; Anto J.M.; Antonio C.A.T.; Anwari P.; Arian N.; Arnlov J.; Artaman A.; Aryal K.K.; Asayesh H.; Asgedom S.W.; Atey T.M.; Avila-Burgos L.; Avokpaho E.F.G.A.; Awasthi A.; Azzopardi P.; Bacha U.; Badawi A.; Balakrishnan K.; Ballew S.H.; Barac A.; Barber R.M.; Barker-Collo S.L.; Barnighausen T.; Barquera S.; Barregard L.; Barrero L.H.; Batis C.; Battle K.E.; Baune B.T.; Beardsley J.; Bedi N.; Beghi E.; Bell M.L.; Bennett D.A.; Bennett J.R.; Bensenor I.M.; Berhane A.; Berhe D.F.; Bernabe E.; Betsu B.D.; Beuran M.; Beyene A.S.; Bhansali A.; Bhutta Z.A.; Bikbov B.; Birungi C.; Biryukov S.; Blosser C.D.; Boneya D.J.; Bou-Orm I.R.; Brauer M.; Breitborde N.J.K.; Brenner H.; Brugha T.S.; Bulto L.N.B.; Baumgarner B.R.; Butt Z.A.; Cahuana-Hurtado L.; Cardenas R.; Carrero J.J.; Castaneda-Orjuela C.A.; Catala-Lopez F.; Cercy K.; Chang H.-Y.; Charlson F.J.; Chimed-Ochir O.; Chisumpa V.H.; Chitheer A.A.; Christensen H.; Christopher D.J.; Cirillo M.; Cohen A.J.; Comfort H.; Cooper C.; Coresh J.; Cornaby L.; Cortesi P.A.; Criqui M.H.; Crump J.A.; Dandona L.; Dandona R.; Das Neves J.; Davey G.; Davitoiu D.V.; Davletov K.; De Courten B.; Degenhardt L.; Deiparine S.; Dellavalle R.P.; Deribe K.; Deshpande A.; Dharmaratne S.D.; Ding E.L.; Djalalinia S.; Do H.P.; Dokova K.; Doku D.T.; Dorsey E.R.; Driscoll T.R.; Dubey M.; Duncan B.B.; Duncan S.; Ebert N.; Ebrahimi H.; El-Khatib Z.Z.; Enayati A.; Endries A.Y.; Ermakov S.P.; Erskine H.E.; Eshrati B.; Eskandarieh S.; Esteghamati A.; Estep K.; Faraon E.J.A.; Farinha C.S.E.S.; Faro A.; Farzadfar F.; Fay K.; Feigin V.L.; Fereshtehnejad S.-M.; Fernandes J.C.; Ferrari A.J.; Feyissa T.R.; Filip I.; Fischer F.; Fitzmaurice C.; Flaxman A.D.; Foigt N.; Foreman K.J.; Frostad J.J.; Fullman N.; Furst T.; Furtado J.M.; Ganji M.; Garcia-Basteiro A.L.; Gebrehiwot T.T.; Geleijnse J.M.; Geleto A.; Gemechu B.L.; Gesesew H.A.; Gething P.W.; Ghajar A.; Gibney K.B.; Gill P.S.; Gillum R.F.; Giref A.Z.; Gishu M.D.; Giussani G.; Godwin W.W.; Gona P.N.; Goodridge A.; Gopalani S.V.; Goryakin Y.; Goulart A.C.; Graetz N.; Gugnani H.C.; Guo J.; Gupta R.; Gupta T.; Gupta V.; Gutierrez R.A.; Hachinski V.; Hafezi-Nejad N.; Hailu G.B.; Hamadeh R.R.; Hamidi S.; Hammami M.; Handal A.J.; Hankey G.J.; Harb H.L.; Hareri H.A.; Hassanvand M.S.; Havmoeller R.; Hawley C.; Hay S.I.; Hedayati M.T.; Hendrie D.; Heredia-Pi I.B.; Hoek H.W.; Horita N.; Hosgood H.D.; Hostiuc S.; Hoy D.G.; Hsairi M.; Hu G.; Huang H.; Huang J.J.; Iburg K.M.; Ikeda C.; Inoue M.; Irvine C.M.S.; Jackson M.D.; Jacobsen K.H.; Jahanmehr N.; Jakovljevic M.B.; Jauregui A.; Javanbakht M.; Jeemon P.; Johansson L.R.K.; Johnson C.O.; Jonas J.B.; Jurisson M.; Kabir Z.; Kadel R.; Kahsay A.; Kamal R.; Karch A.; Karema C.K.; Kasaeian A.; Kassebaum N.J.; Kastor A.; Katikireddi S.V.; Kawakami N.; Keiyoro P.N.; Kelbore S.G.; Kemmer L.; Kengne A.P.; Kesavachandran C.N.; Khader Y.S.; Khalil I.A.; Khan E.A.; Khang Y.-H.; Khosravi A.; Khubchandani J.; Kieling C.; Kim D.; Kim J.Y.; Kim Y.J.; Kimokoti R.W.; Kinfu Y.; Kisa A.; Kissimova-Skarbek K.A.; Kivimaki M.; Knibbs L.D.; Knudsen A.K.; Kopec J.A.; Kosen S.; Koul P.A.; Koyanagi A.; Kravchenko M.; Krohn K.J.; Kromhout H.; Kuate Defo B.; Kucuk Bicer B.; Kumar G.A.; Kutz M.; Kyu H.H.; Lal D.K.; Lalloo R.; Lallukka T.; Lan Q.; Lansingh V.C.; Larsson A.; Lee A.; Lee P.H.; Leigh J.; Leung J.; Levi M.; Li Y.; Liang X.; Liben M.L.; Linn S.; Liu P.; Lodha R.; Logroscino G.; Looker K.J.; Lopez A.D.; Lorkowski S.; Lotufo P.A.; Lozano R.; Lunevicius R.; Macarayan E.R.K.; Magdy Abd El Razek H.; Magdy Abd El Razek M.; Majdan M.; Majdzadeh R.; Majeed A.; Malekzadeh R.; Malhotra R.; Malta D.C.; Mamun A.A.; Manguerra H.; Mantovani L.G.; Mapoma C.C.; Martin R.V.; Martinez-Raga J.; Martins-Melo F.R.; Mathur M.R.; Matsushita K.; Matzopoulos R.; Mazidi M.; McAlinden C.; McGrath J.J.; Mehata S.; Mehndiratta M.M.; Meier T.; Melaku Y.A.; Memiah P.; Memish Z.A.; Mendoza W.; Mengesha M.M.; Mensah G.A.; Mensink G.B.M.; Mereta S.T.; Meretoja A.; Meretoja T.J.; Mezgebe H.B.; Micha R.; Millear A.; Miller T.R.; Minnig S.; Mirarefin M.; Mirrakhimov E.M.; Misganaw A.; Mishra S.R.; Mohammad K.A.; Mohammed K.E.; Mohammed S.; Mohamed Ibrahim N.; Mohan M.B.V.; Mokdad A.H.; Monasta L.; Montanez Hernandez J.C.; Montico M.; Moradi-Lakeh M.; Moraga P.; Morawska L.; Morrison S.D.; Mountjoy-Venning C.; Mueller U.O.; Mullany E.C.; Muller K.; Murthy G.V.S.; Musa K.I.; Naghavi M.; Naheed A.; Nangia V.; Natarajan G.; Negoi I.; Negoi R.I.; Nguyen C.T.; Nguyen G.; Nguyen M.; Nguyen Q.L.; Nguyen T.H.; Nichols E.; Ningrum D.N.A.; Nomura M.; Nong V.M.; Norheim O.F.; Norrving B.; Noubiap J.J.N.; Obermeyer C.M.; Ogbo F.A.; Oh I.-H.; Oladimeji O.; Olagunju A.T.; Olagunju T.O.; Olivares P.R.; Olsen H.E.; Olusanya B.O.; Olusanya J.O.; Opio J.N.; Oren E.; Ortiz A.; Ota E.; Owolabi M.O.; Pa M.; Pacella R.E.; Pana A.; Panda B.K.; Panda-Jonas S.; Pandian J.D.; Papachristou C.; Park E.-K.; Parry C.D.; Patten S.B.; Patton G.C.; Pereira D.M.; Perico N.; Pesudovs K.; Petzold M.; Phillips M.R.; Pillay J.D.; Piradov M.A.; Pishgar F.; Plass D.; Pletcher M.A.; Polinder S.; Popova S.; Poulton R.G.; Pourmalek F.; Prasad N.; Purcell C.; Qorbani M.; Radfar A.; Rafay A.; Rahimi-Movaghar A.; Rahimi-Movaghar V.; Rahman M.; Rahman M.H.U.; Rahman M.A.; Rai R.K.; Rajsic S.; Ram U.; Rawaf S.; Rehm C.D.; Rehm J.; Reiner R.C.; Reitsma M.B.; Reynales-Shigematsu L.M.; Remuzzi G.; Renzaho A.M.N.; Resnikoff S.; Rezaei S.; Ribeiro A.L.; Rivera J.A.; Roba K.T.; Rojas-Rueda D.; Roman Y.; Room R.; Roshandel G.; Roth G.A.; Rothenbacher D.; Rubagotti E.; Rushton L.; Sadat N.; Safdarian M.; Safi S.; Safiri S.; Sahathevan R.; Salama J.; Salomon J.A.; Samy A.M.; Sanabria J.R.; Sanchez-Nino M.D.; Sanchez-Pimienta T.G.; Santomauro D.; Santos I.S.; Santric Milicevic M.M.; Sartorius B.; Satpathy M.; Sawhney M.; Saxena S.; Schaeffner E.; Schmidt M.I.; Schneider I.J.C.; Schutte A.E.; Schwebel D.C.; Schwendicke F.; Seedat S.; Sepanlou S.G.; Serdar B.; Servan-Mori E.E.; Shaddick G.; Shaheen A.; Shahraz S.; Shaikh M.A.; Shamah Levy T.; Shamsipour M.; Shamsizadeh M.; Shariful Islam S.M.; Sharma J.; Sharma R.; She J.; Shen J.; Shi P.; Shibuya K.; Shields C.; Shiferaw M.S.; Shigematsu M.; Shin M.-J.; Shiri R.; Shirkoohi R.; Shishani K.; Shoman H.; Shrime M.G.; Sigfusdottir I.D.; Silva D.A.S.; Silva J.P.; Silveira D.G.A.; Singh J.A.; Singh V.; Sinha D.N.; Skiadaresi E.; Slepak E.L.; Smith D.L.; Smith M.; Sobaih B.H.A.; Sobngwi E.; Sorensen R.J.D.; Sposato L.A.; Sreeramareddy C.T.; Srinivasan V.; Steel N.; Stein D.J.; Steiner C.; Steinke S.; Stokes M.A.; Strub B.; Subart M.; Sufiyan M.B.; Suliankatchi R.A.; Sur P.J.; Swaminathan S.; Sykes B.L.; Szoeke C.E.I.; Tabares-Seisdedos R.; Tadakamadla S.K.; Takahashi K.; Takala J.S.; Tandon N.; Tanner M.; Tarekegn Y.L.; Tavakkoli M.; Tegegne T.K.

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://repository.monashhealth.org/monashhealthjspui/handle/1/27382

Title:	Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
Authors:	Soneji S.;Alahdab F.;Tehrani-Banihashemi A.;Terkawi A.S.;Tesssema B.;Thakur J.S.;Thamsuwan O.;Thankappan K.R.;Theis A.M.;Thomas M.L.;Thomson A.J.;Thrift A.G. ;Tillmann T.;Tobe-Gai R.;Tobollik M.;Tollanes M.C.;Tonelli M.;Topor-Madry R.;Torre A.;Tortajada M.;Touvier M.;Tran B.X.;Truelsen T.;Tuem K.B.;Tuzcu E.M.;Tyrovolas S.;Ukwaja K.N.;Uneke C.J.;Updike R.;Uthman O.A.;Van Boven J.F.M.;Van Donkelaar A.;Varughese S.;Vasankari T.;Veerman L.J.;Venkateswaran V.;Venketasubramanian N.;Violante F.S.;Vladimirov S.K.;Vlassov V.V.;Vollset S.E.;Vos T.;Wadilo F.;Wakayo T.;Wallin M.T.;Wang Y.-P.;Weichenthal S.;Weiderpass E.;Weintraub R.G.;Weiss D.J.;Werdecker A.;Westerman R.;Whiteford H.A.;Wiysonge C.S.;Woldeyes B.G.;Wolfe C.D.A.;Woodbrook R.;Workicho A.;Wulf Hanson S.;Xavier D.;Xu G.;Yadgir S.;Yakob B.;Yan L.L.;Yaseri M.;Yimam H.H.;Yip P.;Yonemoto N.;Yoon S.-J.;Yotebieng M.;Younis M.Z.;Zaidi Z.;El Sayed Zaki M.;Zavala-Arciniega L.;Zhang X.;Zimsen S.R.M.;Zipkin B.;Zodpey S.;Lim S.S.;Murray C.J.L.;Gakidou E.;Afshin A.;Abajobir A.A.;Abate K.H.;Abbafati C.;Abbas K.M.;Abd-Allah F.;Abdulle A.M.;Abera S.F.;Aboyans V.;Abu-Raddad L.J.;Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E.;Abyu G.Y.;Adedeji I.A.;Adetokunboh O.;Afarideh M.;Agrawal A.;Agrawal S.;Ahmad Kiadaliri A.;Ahmadieh H.;Ahmed M.B.;Aichour A.N.;Aichour I.;Aichour M.T.E.;Akinyemi R.O.;Akseer N.;Al-Aly Z.;Alam K.;Alam N.;Alam T.;Alasfoor D.;Alene K.A.;Ali K.;Alizadeh-Navaei R.;Alkerwi A.;Alla F.;Allebeck P.;Al-Raddadi R.;Alsharif U.;Altirkawi K.A.;Alvis-Guzman N.;Amare A.T.;Amini E.;Ammar W.;Amoako Y.A.;Ansari H.;Anto J.M.;Antonio C.A.T.;Anwari P.;Arian N.;Arnlov J.;Artaman A.;Aryal K.K.;Asayesh H.;Asgedom S.W.;Atey T.M.;Avila-Burgos L.;Avokpaho E.F.G.A.;Awasthi A.;Azzopardi P.;Bacha U.;Badawi A.;Balakrishnan K.;Ballew S.H.;Barac A.;Barber R.M.;Barker-Collo S.L.;Barnighausen T.;Barquera S.;Barregard L.;Barrero L.H.;Batis C.;Battle K.E.;Baune B.T.;Beardsley J.;Bedi N.;Beghi E.;Bell M.L.;Bennett D.A.;Bennett J.R.;Bensenor I.M.;Berhane A.;Berhe D.F.;Bernabe E.;Betsu B.D.;Beuran M.;Beyene A.S.;Bhansali A.;Bhutta Z.A.;Bikbov B.;Birungi C.;Biryukov S.;Blosser C.D.;Boneya D.J.;Bou-Orm I.R.;Brauer M.;Breitborde N.J.K.;Brenner H.;Brugha T.S.;Bulto L.N.B.;Baumgarner B.R.;Butt Z.A.;Cahuana-Hurtado L.;Cardenas R.;Carrero J.J.;Castaneda-Orjuela C.A.;Catala-Lopez F.;Cercy K.;Chang H.-Y.;Charlson F.J.;Chimed-Ochir O.;Chisumpa V.H.;Chitheer A.A.;Christensen H.;Christopher D.J.;Cirillo M.;Cohen A.J.;Comfort H.;Cooper C.;Coresh J.;Cornaby L.;Cortesi P.A.;Criqui M.H.;Crump J.A.;Dandona L.;Dandona R.;Das Neves J.;Davey G.;Davitoiu D.V.;Davletov K.;De Courten B. ;Degenhardt L.;Deiparine S.;Dellavalle R.P.;Deribe K.;Deshpande A.;Dharmaratne S.D.;Ding E.L.;Djalalinia S.;Do H.P.;Dokova K.;Doku D.T.;Dorsey E.R.;Driscoll T.R.;Dubey M.;Duncan B.B.;Duncan S.;Ebert N.;Ebrahimi H.;El-Khatib Z.Z.;Enayati A.;Endries A.Y.;Ermakov S.P.;Erskine H.E.;Eshrati B.;Eskandarieh S.;Esteghamati A.;Estep K.;Faraon E.J.A.;Farinha C.S.E.S.;Faro A.;Farzadfar F.;Fay K.;Feigin V.L.;Fereshtehnejad S.-M.;Fernandes J.C.;Ferrari A.J.;Feyissa T.R.;Filip I.;Fischer F.;Fitzmaurice C.;Flaxman A.D.;Foigt N.;Foreman K.J.;Frostad J.J.;Fullman N.;Furst T.;Furtado J.M.;Ganji M.;Garcia-Basteiro A.L.;Gebrehiwot T.T.;Geleijnse J.M.;Geleto A.;Gemechu B.L.;Gesesew H.A.;Gething P.W.;Ghajar A.;Gibney K.B.;Gill P.S.;Gillum R.F.;Giref A.Z.;Gishu M.D.;Giussani G.;Godwin W.W.;Gona P.N.;Goodridge A.;Gopalani S.V.;Goryakin Y.;Goulart A.C.;Graetz N.;Gugnani H.C.;Guo J.;Gupta R.;Gupta T.;Gupta V.;Gutierrez R.A.;Hachinski V.;Hafezi-Nejad N.;Hailu G.B.;Hamadeh R.R.;Hamidi S.;Hammami M.;Handal A.J.;Hankey G.J.;Harb H.L.;Hareri H.A.;Hassanvand M.S.;Havmoeller R.;Hawley C.;Hay S.I.;Hedayati M.T.;Hendrie D.;Heredia-Pi I.B.;Hoek H.W.;Horita N.;Hosgood H.D.;Hostiuc S.;Hoy D.G.;Hsairi M.;Hu G.;Huang H.;Huang J.J.;Iburg K.M.;Ikeda C.;Inoue M.;Irvine C.M.S.;Jackson M.D.;Jacobsen K.H.;Jahanmehr N.;Jakovljevic M.B.;Jauregui A.;Javanbakht M.;Jeemon P.;Johansson L.R.K.;Johnson C.O.;Jonas J.B.;Jurisson M.;Kabir Z.;Kadel R.;Kahsay A.;Kamal R.;Karch A.;Karema C.K.;Kasaeian A.;Kassebaum N.J.;Kastor A.;Katikireddi S.V.;Kawakami N.;Keiyoro P.N.;Kelbore S.G.;Kemmer L.;Kengne A.P.;Kesavachandran C.N.;Khader Y.S.;Khalil I.A.;Khan E.A.;Khang Y.-H.;Khosravi A.;Khubchandani J.;Kieling C.;Kim D.;Kim J.Y.;Kim Y.J.;Kimokoti R.W.;Kinfu Y.;Kisa A.;Kissimova-Skarbek K.A.;Kivimaki M.;Knibbs L.D.;Knudsen A.K.;Kopec J.A.;Kosen S.;Koul P.A.;Koyanagi A.;Kravchenko M.;Krohn K.J.;Kromhout H.;Kuate Defo B.;Kucuk Bicer B.;Kumar G.A.;Kutz M.;Kyu H.H.;Lal D.K.;Lalloo R.;Lallukka T.;Lan Q.;Lansingh V.C.;Larsson A.;Lee A. ;Lee P.H.;Leigh J.;Leung J.;Levi M.;Li Y.;Liang X.;Liben M.L.;Linn S.;Liu P.;Lodha R.;Logroscino G.;Looker K.J.;Lopez A.D.;Lorkowski S.;Lotufo P.A.;Lozano R.;Lunevicius R.;Macarayan E.R.K.;Magdy Abd El Razek H.;Magdy Abd El Razek M.;Majdan M.;Majdzadeh R.;Majeed A.;Malekzadeh R.;Malhotra R.;Malta D.C.;Mamun A.A.;Manguerra H.;Mantovani L.G.;Mapoma C.C.;Martin R.V.;Martinez-Raga J.;Martins-Melo F.R.;Mathur M.R.;Matsushita K.;Matzopoulos R.;Mazidi M.;McAlinden C.;McGrath J.J.;Mehata S.;Mehndiratta M.M.;Meier T.;Melaku Y.A.;Memiah P.;Memish Z.A.;Mendoza W.;Mengesha M.M.;Mensah G.A.;Mensink G.B.M.;Mereta S.T.;Meretoja A.;Meretoja T.J.;Mezgebe H.B.;Micha R.;Millear A.;Miller T.R.;Minnig S.;Mirarefin M.;Mirrakhimov E.M.;Misganaw A.;Mishra S.R.;Mohammad K.A.;Mohammed K.E.;Mohammed S.;Mohamed Ibrahim N.;Mohan M.B.V.;Mokdad A.H.;Monasta L.;Montanez Hernandez J.C.;Montico M.;Moradi-Lakeh M.;Moraga P.;Morawska L.;Morrison S.D.;Mountjoy-Venning C.;Mueller U.O.;Mullany E.C.;Muller K.;Murthy G.V.S.;Musa K.I.;Naghavi M.;Naheed A.;Nangia V.;Natarajan G.;Negoi I.;Negoi R.I.;Nguyen C.T.;Nguyen G.;Nguyen M.;Nguyen Q.L.;Nguyen T.H.;Nichols E.;Ningrum D.N.A.;Nomura M.;Nong V.M.;Norheim O.F.;Norrving B.;Noubiap J.J.N.;Obermeyer C.M.;Ogbo F.A.;Oh I.-H.;Oladimeji O.;Olagunju A.T.;Olagunju T.O.;Olivares P.R.;Olsen H.E.;Olusanya B.O.;Olusanya J.O.;Opio J.N.;Oren E.;Ortiz A.;Ota E.;Owolabi M.O.;Pa M.;Pacella R.E.;Pana A.;Panda B.K.;Panda-Jonas S.;Pandian J.D.;Papachristou C.;Park E.-K.;Parry C.D.;Patten S.B.;Patton G.C.;Pereira D.M.;Perico N.;Pesudovs K.;Petzold M.;Phillips M.R.;Pillay J.D.;Piradov M.A.;Pishgar F.;Plass D.;Pletcher M.A.;Polinder S.;Popova S.;Poulton R.G.;Pourmalek F.;Prasad N.;Purcell C.;Qorbani M.;Radfar A.;Rafay A.;Rahimi-Movaghar A.;Rahimi-Movaghar V.;Rahman M.;Rahman M.H.U.;Rahman M.A.;Rai R.K.;Rajsic S.;Ram U.;Rawaf S.;Rehm C.D.;Rehm J.;Reiner R.C.;Reitsma M.B.;Reynales-Shigematsu L.M.;Remuzzi G.;Renzaho A.M.N.;Resnikoff S.;Rezaei S.;Ribeiro A.L.;Rivera J.A.;Roba K.T.;Rojas-Rueda D.;Roman Y.;Room R.;Roshandel G.;Roth G.A.;Rothenbacher D.;Rubagotti E.;Rushton L.;Sadat N.;Safdarian M.;Safi S.;Safiri S.;Sahathevan R.;Salama J.;Salomon J.A.;Samy A.M.;Sanabria J.R.;Sanchez-Nino M.D.;Sanchez-Pimienta T.G.;Santomauro D.;Santos I.S.;Santric Milicevic M.M.;Sartorius B.;Satpathy M.;Sawhney M.;Saxena S.;Schaeffner E.;Schmidt M.I.;Schneider I.J.C.;Schutte A.E.;Schwebel D.C.;Schwendicke F.;Seedat S.;Sepanlou S.G.;Serdar B.;Servan-Mori E.E.;Shaddick G.;Shaheen A.;Shahraz S.;Shaikh M.A.;Shamah Levy T.;Shamsipour M.;Shamsizadeh M.;Shariful Islam S.M.;Sharma J.;Sharma R.;She J.;Shen J.;Shi P.;Shibuya K.;Shields C.;Shiferaw M.S.;Shigematsu M.;Shin M.-J.;Shiri R.;Shirkoohi R.;Shishani K.;Shoman H.;Shrime M.G.;Sigfusdottir I.D.;Silva D.A.S.;Silva J.P.;Silveira D.G.A.;Singh J.A.;Singh V.;Sinha D.N.;Skiadaresi E.;Slepak E.L.;Smith D.L.;Smith M.;Sobaih B.H.A.;Sobngwi E.;Sorensen R.J.D.;Sposato L.A.;Sreeramareddy C.T.;Srinivasan V.;Steel N.;Stein D.J.;Steiner C.;Steinke S.;Stokes M.A.;Strub B.;Subart M.;Sufiyan M.B.;Suliankatchi R.A.;Sur P.J.;Swaminathan S.;Sykes B.L.;Szoeke C.E.I.;Tabares-Seisdedos R.;Tadakamadla S.K.;Takahashi K.;Takala J.S.;Tandon N.;Tanner M.;Tarekegn Y.L.;Tavakkoli M.;Tegegne T.K.
Institution:	(Gakidou, Afshin, Alam, Ali, Arian, Barber, Bennett, Biryukov, Brauer, Baumgarner, Cercy, Charlson, Cohen, Comfort, Cornaby, Dandona, Dandona, Degenhardt, Deiparine, Deshpande, Duncan, Erskine, Estep, Fay, Ferrari, Fitzmaurice, Flaxman, Foreman, Frostad, Fullman, Godwin, Graetz, Guo, Hawley, Hay, Ikeda, Irvine, Johnson, Kassebaum, Kemmer, Khalil, Kim, Krohn, Kutz, Kyu, Lee, Leung, Liu, Manguerra, Millear, Minnig, Mirarefin, Misganaw, Mokdad, Mountjoy-Venning, Mullany, Muller, Naghavi, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nichols, Olsen, Pletcher, Purcell, Reiner, Reitsma, Roman, Roth, Sadat, Salama, Santomauro, Shields, Slepak, Smith, Smith, Sorensen, Srinivasan, Steiner, Strub, Subart, Sur, Thamsuwan, Theis, Torre, Updike, Venkateswaran, Vollset, Vos, Whiteford, Woodbrook, Wulf Hanson, Yadgir, Zimsen, Zipkin, Lim, Murray) Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States (Fitzmaurice) Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States (Blosser, Jakovljevic, Morrison) Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States (Abajobir, Charlson, Erskine, Ferrari, Knibbs, Leung, Santomauro, Veerman, Whiteford) School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Lalloo, Mishra) School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Abate, Ahmed, Gebrehiwot, Gesesew, Mereta, Wakayo, Workicho) Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia (Abbafati) La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (Abbas) Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, United States (Abd-Allah) Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Abdulle) New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Abera, Melaku) School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Abera, Mohammed) College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Abyu, Asgedom, Atey, Berhe, Betsu, Hailu, Kahsay, Mezgebe, Tuem) School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Abera) Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aboyans) Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Abu-Raddad) Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar (Abu-Rmeileh) Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine (Adedeji) Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria (Adetokunboh, Parry, Seedat, Wiysonge) Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Agrawal) CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India (Agrawal) Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States (Jeemon) Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Gurugram, India (Murthy) Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India (Agrawal, Dandona, Dandona, Kumar, Lal, Mathur, Zodpey) Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (Ahmad Kiadaliri) Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Norrving) Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Ahmadieh, Safi, Yaseri) Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Jahanmehr) School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ahmadieh) Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Aichour) University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria (Aichour) National Institute of Nursing Education, Setif, Algeria (Aichour) High National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria (Akinyemi) University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (Akinyemi) Newcastle 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Australia (Meretoja) Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Alam, Rahman, Szoeke, Weintraub) Institute of Health and Ageing, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Alam, Driscoll, Leigh) Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Alam) Department of Health, Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Alasfoor) Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman (Alene, Tesssema) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Alene) Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia (Alizadeh-Navaei) Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Hedayati) Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Alkerwi) Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg (Alla) School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France (Allebeck, El-Khatib) Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Arnlov) Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Carrero, Weiderpass) Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Fereshtehnejad, Havmoeller) Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Al-Raddadi) Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Alsharif, Ebert, Schaeffner) Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Altirkawi, Sobaih) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alvis-Guzman) Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia (Amare, Baune, Melaku) School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Olagunju) Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Amare) College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Amini, Pishgar) Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ebrahimi, Farzadfar, Khosravi, Pishgar) Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Amini, Esteghamati, Hafezi-Nejad, Kasaeian) Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Hassanvand) Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Kasaeian) Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Majdzadeh) Knowledge Utilization Research Center, 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(Topor-Madry) Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland (Kissimova-Skarbek) Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (Kivimaki) Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (Lallukka, Shiri) Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Organizations, Work Disability Program, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (Meretoja) University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Knudsen, Vollset) Center for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway (Knudsen) Department of Psychosocial Science, Bergen, Norway (Vollset) Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Bergen, Norway (Norheim, Tollanes) University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Kosen) Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia (Koul) Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India (Koyanagi) Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Kravchenko, Piradov) Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation (Kromhout) Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands (Kuate Defo) Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (Kucuk Bicer) Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (Lan) National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States (Lansingh) Help Me See, Inc., New York, NY, United States (Lansingh) Instituo Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico (Larsson) Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Lee) Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Levi) Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy (Li) Department of Data Management, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China (Li) National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China (Liang) Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China (Li) San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States (Liben) Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia (Linn) University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel (Lodha, Malhotra, Tandon) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Logroscino) University of Bari, Bari, Italy (Looker) University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (Lorkowski) Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (Lunevicius) Aintree University, Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Lunevicius) School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Lorkowski) Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany (Macarayan) Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines (Magdy Abd El Razek) Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt (Magdy Abd El Razek) Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University Hospital, Aswan, Egypt (Majdan) Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia (Majdzadeh) National Institute of Health Research, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Malta) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Mamun, Mishra) University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Mantovani) University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy (Van Donkelaar) Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Halifax, NS, Canada (Martin) Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Martinez-Raga, Tortajada) Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain (Martinez-Raga) CEU Cardinal Herrera University, Moncada, Spain (Martins-Melo) Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil (Mazidi) Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (McAlinden) University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom (McAlinden) Public Health Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom (McGrath) Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia (McGrath) Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (McGrath) Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal (Mehata) Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India (Mehndiratta) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Meier) University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States (Memiah) Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Memish) College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Memish) United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru (Mendoza) Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States (Mensah) Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (Mensink) Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Meretoja) Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast ... [Ovid has truncated this field to avoid Excel character limitations]
Issue Date:	27-Oct-2017
Copyright year:	2017
Publisher:	Lancet Publishing Group (E-mail: cususerv@lancet.com)
Place of publication:	United Kingdom
Publication information:	The Lancet. 390 (10100) (pp 1345-1422), 2017. Date of Publication: 16 Sep 2017.
Journal:	The Lancet
Abstract:	Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Method(s): We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Finding(s): Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124.1 million DALYs [95% UI 111.2 million to 137.0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122.2 million DALYs [110.3 million to 133.3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83.0 million DALYs [78.3 million to 87.7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89.9 million DALYs [80.9 million to 98.2 million]), high body-mass index (64.8 million DALYs [44.4 million to 87.6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63.8 million DALYs [53.2 million to 76.3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9.3% (6.9-11.6) decline in deaths and a 10.8% (8.3-13.1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14.9% (12.7-17.5) of deaths and 6.2% (3.9-8.7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of deaths and 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27.3% (24.9-29.7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation(s): Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade.Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
DOI:	http://monash.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2817%2932366-8
PubMed URL:	28919119 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28919119]
ISSN:	0140-6736
URI:	https://repository.monashhealth.org/monashhealthjspui/handle/1/27382
Type:	Article
Type of Clinical Study or Trial:	Systematic review and/or meta-analysis
Appears in Collections:	Articles

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