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https://repository.monashhealth.org/monashhealthjspui/handle/1/27383| Title: | Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. [] | Authors: | Larsson A.;Arnlov J.;Artaman A.;Aryal K.K.;Asayesh H.;Asgedom S.W.;Assadi R.;Atey T.M.;Atnafu N.T.;Atre S.R.;Avila-Burgos L.;Avokpaho E.F.G.A.;Awasthi A.;Ayala Quintanilla B.P.;Ba Saleem H.O.;Bacha U.;Badawi A.;Balakrishnan K.;Banerjee A.;Bannick M.S.;Barac A.;Barber R.M.;Barker-Collo S.L.;Barnighausen T.;Barquera S.;Barregard L.;Barrero L.H.;Basu S.;Battista B.;Battle K.E.;Baune B.T.;Bazargan-Hejazi S.;Beardsley J.;Bedi N.;Beghi E.;Bejot Y.;Bekele B.B.;Bell M.L.;Bennett D.A.;Bensenor I.M.;Benson J.;Berhane A.;Berhe D.F.;Bernabe E.;Betsu B.D.;Beuran M.;Beyene A.S.;Bhala N.;Bhansali A.;Bhatt S.;Bhutta Z.A.;Biadgilign S.;Bienhoff K.;Bikbov B.;Birungi C.;Biryukov S.;Bisanzio D.;Bizuayehu H.M.;Boneya D.J.;Boufous S.;Bourne R.R.A.;Brazinova A.;Brugha T.S.;Buchbinder R.;Bulto L.N.B.;Bumgarner B.R.;Butt Z.A.;Cahuana-Hurtado L.;Cameron E.;Car M.;Carabin H.;Carapetis J.R.;Cardenas R.;Carpenter D.O.;Carrero J.J.;Carter A.;Carvalho F.;Casey D.C.;Caso V.;Castaneda-Orjuela C.A.;Castle C.D.;Catala-Lopez F.;Chang H.-Y.;Chang J.-C.;Charlson F.J.;Chen H.;Chibalabala M.;Chibueze C.E.;Chisumpa V.H.;Chitheer A.A.;Christopher D.J.;Ciobanu L.G.;Cirillo M.;Colombara D.;Cooper C.;Cortesi P.A.;Criqui M.H.;Crump J.A.;Dadi A.F.;Dalal K.;Dandona L.;Dandona R.;Das Neves J.;Davitoiu D.V.;De Leo D.;Degenhardt L.;Deiparine S.;Dellavalle R.P.;Deribe K.;Des Jarlais D.C.;Dey S.;Dharmaratne S.D.;Dhillon P.K.;Dicker D.;Ding E.L.;Djalalinia S.;Do H.P.;Dorsey E.R.;Dos Santos K.P.B.;Douwes-Schultz D.;Doyle K.E.;Driscoll T.R.;Dubey M.;Duncan B.B.;El-Khatib Z.Z.;Ellerstrand J.;Enayati A.;Endries A.Y.;Ermakov S.P.;Erskine H.E.;Eshrati B.;Eskandarieh S.;Esteghamati A.;Estep K.;Fanuel F.B.B.;Farinha C.S.E.S.;Faro A.;Farzadfar F.;Fazeli M.S.;Feigin V.L.;Fereshtehnejad S.-M.;Fernandes J.C.;Ferrari A.J.;Feyissa T.R.;Filip I.;Fischer F.;Fitzmaurice C.;Flaxman A.D.;Flor L.S.;Foigt N.;Foreman K.J.;Franklin R.C.;Fullman N.;Furst T.;Furtado J.M.;Futran N.D.;Gakidou E.;Ganji M.;Garcia-Basteiro A.L.;Gebre T.;Gebrehiwot T.T.;Geleto A.;Gemechu B.L.;Gesesew H.A.;Gething P.W.;Ghajar A.;Gibney K.B.;Gill P.S.;Gillum R.F.;Ginawi I.A.M.;Giref A.Z.;Gishu M.D.;Giussani G.;Godwin W.W.;Gold A.L.;Goldberg E.M.;Gona P.N.;Goodridge A.;Gopalani S.V.;Goto A.;Goulart A.C.;Griswold M.;Gugnani H.C.;Gupta R.;Gupta T.;Gupta V.;Hafezi-Nejad N.;Hailu A.D.;Hailu G.B.;Hamadeh R.R.;Hamidi S.;Handal A.J.;Hankey G.J.;Hao Y.;Harb H.L.;Hareri H.A.;Haro J.M.;Harvey J.;Hassanvand M.S.;Havmoeller R.;Hawley C.;Hay R.J.;Hay S.I.;Henry N.J.;Heredia-Pi I.B.;Heydarpour P.;Hoek H.W.;Hoffman H.J.;Horita N.;Hosgood H.D.;Hostiuc S.;Hotez P.J.;Hoy D.G.;Htet A.S.;Hu G.;Huang H.;Huynh C.;Iburg K.M.;Igumbor E.U.;Ikeda C.;Irvine C.M.S.;Jacobsen K.H.;Jahanmehr N.;Jakovljevic M.B.;Jassal S.K.;Javanbakht M.;Jayaraman S.P.;Jeemon P.;Jensen P.N.;Jha V.;Jiang G.;John D.;Johnson C.O.;Johnson S.C.;Jonas J.B.;Jurisson M.;Kabir Z.;Kadel R.;Kahsay A.;Kamal R.;Kan H.;Karam N.E.;Karch A.;Karema C.K.;Kasaeian A.;Kassa G.M.;Kassaw N.A.;Kassebaum N.J.;Kastor A.;Katikireddi S.V.;Kaul A.;Kawakami N.;Keiyoro P.N.;Kengne A.P.;Keren A.;Khader Y.S.;Khalil I.A.;Khan E.A.;Khang Y.-H.;Khosravi A.;Khubchandani J.;Kieling C.;Kim D.;Kim P.;Kim Y.J.;Kimokoti R.W.;Kinfu Y.;Kisa A.;Kissimova-Skarbek K.A.;Kivimaki M.;Knudsen A.K.;Kokubo Y.;Kolte D.;Kopec J.A.;Kosen S.;Koul P.A.;Koyanagi A.;Kravchenko M.;Krishnaswami S.;Krohn K.J.;Kuate Defo B.;Kucuk Bicer B.;Kumar G.A.;Kumar P.;Kumar S.;Kyu H.H.;Lal D.K.;Lalloo R.;Lambert N.;Lan Q.;Lavados P.M.;Leasher J.L.;Lee J.-T.;Lee P.H.;Leigh J.;Leshargie C.T.;Leung J.;Leung R.;Levi M.;Li Y.;Li Kappe D.;Liang X.;Liben M.L.;Lim S.S.;Linn S.;Liu A.;Liu P.Y.;Liu S.;Liu Y.;Lodha R.;Logroscino G.;London S.J.;Looker K.J.;Lopez A.D.;Lorkowski S.;Lotufo P.A.;Low N.;Lozano R.;Lucas T.C.D.;Macarayan E.R.K.;Magdy Abd El Razek H.;Magdy Abd El Razek M.;Mahdavi M.;Majdan M.;Majdzadeh R.;Majeed A.;Malekzadeh R.;Malhotra R.;Malta D.C.;Mamun A.A.;Manguerra H.;Manhertz T.;Mantilla A.;Mantovani L.G.;Mapoma C.C.;Marczak L.B.;Martinez-Raga J.;Martins-Melo F.R.;Martopullo I.;Marz W.;Mathur M.R.;Mazidi M.;McAlinden C.;McGaughey M.;McGrath J.J.;McKee M.;McNellan C.;Mehata S.;Mehndiratta M.M.;Mekonnen T.C.;Memiah P.;Memish Z.A.;Mendoza W.;Mengistie M.A.;Mengistu D.T.;Mensah G.A.;Meretoja A.;Meretoja T.J.;Mezgebe H.B.;Micha R.;Millear A.;Miller T.R.;Mills E.J.;Mirarefin M.;Mirrakhimov E.M.;Misganaw A.;Mishra S.R.;Mitchell P.B.;Mohammad K.A.;Mohammadi A.;Mohammed K.E.;Mohammed S.;Mohanty S.K.;Mokdad A.H.;Mollenkopf S.K.;Monasta L.;Hernandez J.M.;Montico M.;Moradi-Lakeh M.;Moraga P.;Mori R.;Morozoff C.;Morrison S.D.;Moses M.;Mountjoy-Venning C.;Mruts K.B.;Mueller U.O.;Muller K.;Murdoch M.E.;Murthy G.V.S.;Musa K.I.;Nachega J.B.;Nagel G.;Naghavi M.;Naheed A.;Naidoo K.S.;Naldi L.;Nangia V.;Natarajan G.;Negasa D.E.;Negoi I.;Negoi R.I.;Newton C.R.;Ngunjiri J.W.;Nguyen C.T.;Nguyen G.;Nguyen M.;Nguyen Q.L.;Nguyen T.H.;Nichols E.;Ningrum D.N.A.;Nolte S.;Nong V.M.;Norrving B.;Noubiap J.J.N.;O'Donnell M.J.;Ogbo F.A.;Oh I.-H.;Okoro A.;Oladimeji O.;Olagunju A.T.;Olagunju T.O.;Olsen H.E.;Olusanya B.O.;Olusanya J.O.;Ong K.;Opio J.N.;Oren E.;Ortiz A.;Osgood-Zimmerman A.;Osman M.;Owolabi M.O.;Pa M.;Pacella R.E.;Pana A.;Panda B.K.;Papachristou C.;Park E.-K.;Parry C.D.;Parsaeian M.;Patten S.B.;Patton G.C.;Paulson K.;Pearce N.;Pereira D.M.;Perico N.;Pesudovs K.;Peterson C.B.;Petzold M.;Phillips M.R.;Pigott D.M.;Pillay J.D.;Pinho C.;Plass D.;Pletcher M.A.;Popova S.;Poulton R.G.;Pourmalek F.;Prabhakaran D.;Prasad N.;Prasad N.M.;Purcell C.;Qorbani M.;Quansah R.;Rabiee R.H.S.;Radfar A.;Rafay A.;Rahimi K.;Rahimi-Movaghar A.;Rahimi-Movaghar V.;Rahman M.;Rahman M.H.U.;Rai R.K.;Rajsic S.;Ram U.;Ranabhat C.L.;Rankin Z.;Rao P.V.;Rao P.C.;Rawaf S.;Ray S.E.;Reiner R.C.;Reinig N.;Reitsma M.B.;Remuzzi G.;Renzaho A.M.N.;Resnikoff S.;Rezaei S.;Ribeiro A.L.;Ronfani L.;Roshandel G.;Roth G.A.;Roy A.;Rubagotti E.;Ruhago G.M.;Saadat S.;Sadat N.;Safdarian M.;Safi S.;Safiri S.;Sagar R.;Sahathevan R.;Salama J.;Salomon J.A.;Salvi S.S.;Samy A.M.;Sanabria J.R.;Santomauro D.;Santos I.S.;Santos J.V.;Santric Milicevic M.M.;Sartorius B.;Satpathy M.;Sawhney M.;Saxena S.;Schmidt M.I.;Schneider I.J.C.;Schottker B.;Schwebel D.C.;Schwendicke F.;Seedat S.;Sepanlou S.G.;Servan-Mori E.E.;Setegn T.;Shackelford K.A.;Shaheen A.;Shaikh M.A.;Shamsipour M.;Shariful Islam S.M.;Sharma J.;Sharma R.;She J.;Shi P.;Shields C.;Shigematsu M.;Shinohara Y.;Shiri R.;Shirkoohi R.;Shirude S.;Shishani K.;Shrime M.G.;Sibai A.M.;Sigfusdottir I.D.;Silva D.A.S.;Silva J.P.;Silveira D.G.A.;Singh J.A.;Singh N.P.;Sinha D.N.;Skiadaresi E.;Skirbekk V.;Slepak E.L.;Sligar A.;Smith D.L.;Smith M.;Sobaih B.H.A.;Sobngwi E.;Sorensen R.J.D.;Sousa T.C.M.;Sposato L.A.;Sreeramareddy C.T.;Srinivasan V.;Stanaway J.D.;Stathopoulou V.;Steel N.;Stein D.J.;Stein M.B.;Steiner C.;Steiner T.J.;Steinke S.;Stokes M.A.;Stovner L.J.;Strub B.;Subart M.;Sufiyan M.B.;Suliankatchi Abdulkader R.;Sunguya B.F.;Sur P.J.;Swaminathan S.;Sykes B.L.;Sylte D.O.;Tabares-Seisdedos R.;Taffere G.R.;Takala J.S.;Tandon N.;Tavakkoli M.;Taveira N.;Taylor H.R.;Tehrani-Banihashemi A.;Tekelab T.;Temam Shifa G.;Terkawi A.S.;Tesfaye D.J.;Tesssema B.;Thamsuwan O.;Thomas K.E.;Tiruye T.Y.;Tobe-Gai R.;Tollanes M.C.;Tonelli M.;Topor-Madry R.;Tortajada M.;Touvier M.;Tran B.X.;Tripathi S.;Troeger C.;Truelsen T.;Tsoi D.;Tuem K.B.;Tuzcu E.M.;Tyrovolas S.;Ukwaja K.N.;Undurraga E.A.;Uneke C.J.;Updike R.;Uthman O.A.;Uzochukwu B.S.C.;Van Boven J.F.M.;Varughese S.;Vasankari T.;Venkatesh S.;Venketasubramanian N.;Vidavalur R.;Violante F.S.;Vladimirov S.K.;Vlassov V.V.;Vollset S.E.;Wadilo F.;Wakayo T.;Wang Y.-P.;Weaver M.;Weichenthal S.;Weiderpass E.;Weintraub R.G.;Werdecker A.;Westerman R.;Whiteford H.A.;Wijeratne T.;Wiysonge C.S.;Wolfe C.D.A.;Woodbrook R.;Woolf A.D.;Workicho A.;Wulf Hanson S.;Xavier D.;Xu G.;Yadgir S.;Yaghoubi M.;Yakob B.;Yan L.L.;Yano Y.;Ye P.;Yimam H.H.;Yip P.;Yonemoto N.;Yoon S.-J.;Yotebieng M.;Younis M.Z.;Zaidi Z.;Zaki M.E.S.;Zegeye E.A.;Zenebe Z.M.;Zhang X.;Zhou M.;Zipkin B.;Zodpey S.;Zuhlke L.J.;Murray C.J.L.;De Courten B. ;Thrift A.G. ;Vos T.;Abajobir A.A.;Abbafati C.;Abbas K.M.;Abate K.H.;Abd-Allah F.;Abdulle A.M.;Abebo T.A.;Abera S.F.;Aboyans V.;Abu-Raddad L.J.;Ackerman I.N.;Adamu A.A.;Adetokunboh O.;Afarideh M.;Afshin A.;Agarwal S.K.;Aggarwal R.;Agrawal A.;Agrawal S.;Ahmad Kiadaliri A.;Ahmadieh H.;Ahmed M.B.;Aichour A.N.;Aichour I.;Aichour M.T.E.;Aiyar S.;Akinyemi R.O.;Akseer N.;Al Lami F.H.;Alahdab F.;Al-Aly Z.;Alam K.;Alam N.;Alam T.;Alasfoor D.;Alene K.A.;Ali R.;Alizadeh-Navaei R.;Alkerwi A.;Alla F.;Allebeck P.;Allen C.;Al-Maskari F.;Al-Raddadi R.;Alsharif U.;Alsowaidi S.;Altirkawi K.A.;Amare A.T.;Amini E.;Ammar W.;Amoako Y.A.;Andersen H.H.;Antonio C.A.T.;Anwari P. | Institution: | (Vos, Afshin, Aiyar, Alam, Allen, Bannick, Barber, Benson, Bienhoff, Biryukov, Bumgarner, Carter, Casey, Castle, Charlson, Colombara, Dandona, Dandona, Degenhardt, Deiparine, Dicker, Douwes-Schultz, Erskine, Estep, Ferrari, Fitzmaurice, Flaxman, Foreman, Fullman, Gakidou, Godwin, Gold, Goldberg, Griswold, Harvey, Hawley, Hay, Henry, Huynh, Ikeda, Irvine, Jakovljevic, Johnson, Johnson, Kassebaum, Khalil, Kim, Krohn, Kyu, Li Kappe, Lim, Liu, Liu, Lozano, Manguerra, Manhertz, Marczak, Martopullo, McGaughey, McNellan, Millear, Mirarefin, Misganaw, Mokdad, Mollenkopf, Morozoff, Moses, Mountjoy-Venning, Muller, Naghavi, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nichols, Olsen, Ong, Osgood-Zimmerman, Paulson, Pigott, Pinho, Pletcher, Purcell, Rankin, Rao, Ray, Reiner, Reinig, Reitsma, Roth, Sadat, Salama, Santomauro, Shackelford, Shields, Shirude, Slepak, Sligar, Smith, Smith, Sorensen, Srinivasan, Stanaway, Steiner, Strub, Subart, Sur, Sylte, Thamsuwan, Thomas, Troeger, Tsoi, Updike, Vollset, Weaver, Whiteford, Woodbrook, Wulf Hanson, Yadgir, Zhou, Zipkin, Murray) Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States (Fitzmaurice) Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, United States (Futran, Jensen, Leung, Morrison) University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States (Abajobir, Charlson, Ellerstrand, Erskine, Ferrari, Leung, Mantilla, Santomauro, Whiteford) School of Public Health, United States (Lalloo) School of Dentistry, United States (McGrath) Queensland Brain Institute, Australia (Mishra) University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Abbafati) La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (Abbas) Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States (Abd-Allah) Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Abdulle) New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Abebo, Tesfaye) Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia (Abera) School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, United States (Berhe) School of Pharmacy, United States (Mengistu, Mohammed) College of Health Sciences, United States (Taffere) School of Public Healths, United States (Asgedom, Atey, Betsu, Hailu, Kahsay, Mezgebe, Tuem, Zenebe) Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Abera) Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aboyans) Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Abu-Raddad) Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar (Ackerman, Buchbinder) Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, United States (Thrift) Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Australia (De Courten) Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Adamu) Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Kano, Nigeria (Parry) Department of Psychiatry, United States (Adetokunboh, Nachega, Seedat, Wiysonge) Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Agarwal, Lodha, Malhotra, Roy, Sagar, Tandon) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Aggarwal) Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Agrawal) CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India (Agrawal) Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States (Dey, Murthy) Indian Institute of Public Health, India (Jeemon) Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, India (Agrawal, Dandona, Dandona, Dhillon, Kumar, Lal, Mathur, Zodpey) Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (Ahmad Kiadaliri) Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Norrving) Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Ahmadieh) Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Jahanmehr) School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Safi) Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ahmadieh) Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ahmed) Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, United States (Gebrehiwot, Gesesew, Mengistie, Wakayo, Workicho) Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia (Aichour) University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria (Aichour) National Institute of Nursing Education, Setif, Algeria (Aichour) High National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria (Akinyemi) University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (Akinyemi) Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (Akseer, Bhutta) Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (Akseer) Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Canada (Badawi) Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Canada (Popova) Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Al Lami) Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq (Alahdab) Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States (Alahdab) Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States (Al-Aly) Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States (Alam) Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia (Lopez) Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Australia (Meretoja) Department of Medicine, Australia (Patton) Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Australia (Alam, Taylor, Weintraub, Wijeratne) University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Driscoll) Sydney School of Public Health, Australia (Alam, Leigh) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Alam) Department of Health, Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Alasfoor) Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman (Alene) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, United States (Bekele) College of Medical and Health Sciences, United States (Dadi, Tesssema) University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Alene) Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australia (Doyle) Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia (Battle) Malaria Atlas Project, United Kingdom (Cameron, Hay, Lucas) Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, United Kingdom (Bennett) Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom (Bisanzio) Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom (Cooper) NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (Gething) Department of Zoology, United Kingdom (Ali, Jha, Rahimi) University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Alizadeh-Navaei) Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Alkerwi) Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg (Alla) School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France (Al-Maskari, Alsowaidi) College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (Al-Raddadi) Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Nolte) Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, United States (Alsharif) Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Altirkawi, Sobaih) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Amare, Baune, Ciobanu) School of Medicine, United States (Olagunju) Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Amare) College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United States (Setegn) Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Amini) Uro-Oncology Research Center, United States (Amini, Farzadfar, Khosravi, Parsaeian) Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, United States (Afarideh, Esteghamati, Hafezi-Nejad, Kasaeian) Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, United States (Ghajar) Department of Internal Medicine, United States (Hassanvand) Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, United States (Heydarpour) Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, United States (Kasaeian) Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, United States (Mahdavi) Institute of Health Policy and Management, United States (Majdzadeh) Knowledge Utilization Research Center, United States (Malekzadeh, Roshandel, Sepanlou) Digestive Diseases Research Institute, United States (Parsaeian) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, United States (Rahimi-Movaghar) Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iran, Islamic Republic of (Rahimi-Movaghar, Saadat, Safdarian) Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Shamsipour) Institute for Environmental Research, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Shirkoohi) Cancer Research Center, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ganji) Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Ammar, Harb) Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon (Amoako) Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (Andersen) Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Denmark (Peterson) Aalborg University, Aalborg Esst, Denmark (Antonio, Ribeiro) Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines (Anwari) Kabul, Afghanistan (Arnlov, Fereshtehnejad) Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, United States (Carrero, Weiderpass) Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States (Allebeck, El-Khatib, Rabiee) Department of Public Health Sciences, United States (Havmoeller) Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Arnlov) School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (Artaman) University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada (Aryal) Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal (Aryal, Htet) University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (Asayesh) Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Assadi) Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Islamic Republic of (Atnafu, Yimam) Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia (Atre) Centre for Clinical Global Health Education (CCGHE), United States (Tran) Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States (Atre) Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, India (Avila-Burgos, Barquera, Cahuana-Hurtado, Heredia-Pi, Lozano, Hernandez, Servan-Mori) National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (Avokpaho) Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin (Avokpaho) Laboratoire D'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin (Awasthi) Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India (Ayala Quintanilla) Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Ayala Quintanilla) Peruvian National 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[Ovid has truncated this field to avoid Excel character limitations] | Issue Date: | 2-Nov-2017 | Copyright year: | 2017 | Publisher: | Lancet Publishing Group (E-mail: cususerv@lancet.com) | Place of publication: | United Kingdom | Publication information: | The Lancet. 390 (10100) (pp 1211-1259), 2017. Date of Publication: 16 Sep 2017. | Journal: | The Lancet | Abstract: | Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57.6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40.8-75.9 million [7.2%, 6.0-8.3]), 45.1 million (29.0-62.8 million [5.6%, 4.0-7.2]), 36.3 million (25.3-50.9 million [4.5%, 3.8-5.3]), 34.7 million (23.0-49.6 million [4.3%, 3.5-5.2]), and 34.1 million (23.5-46.0 million [4.2%, 3.2-5.3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2.7% (95% UI 2.3-3.1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10.4% (95% UI 9.0-11.8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-todate information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. | DOI: | http://monash.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2817%2932154-2 | Link to associated publication: | Click here for full text options | PubMed URL: | 28919117 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28919117] | ISSN: | 0140-6736 | URI: | https://repository.monashhealth.org/monashhealthjspui/handle/1/27383 | Type: | Article | Subjects: | ectopic pregnancy/ep [Epidemiology] abdominal wall hernia/ep [Epidemiology] abortion/ep [Epidemiology] accidental injury/ep [Epidemiology] accommodation acne vulgaris/ep [Epidemiology] acute glomerulonephritis/ep [Epidemiology] acute hepatitis/ep [Epidemiology] acute hepatitis A/ep [Epidemiology] acute leukemia/ep [Epidemiology] acute lymphoblastic leukemia/ep [Epidemiology] acute myeloid leukemia/ep [Epidemiology] adult adverse drug reaction/ep [Epidemiology] African trypanosomiasis/ep [Epidemiology] aged aging airway alcohol consumption alcoholic cardiomyopathy/ep [Epidemiology] alcoholism/ep [Epidemiology] alopecia areata/ep [Epidemiology] Alzheimer disease/ep [Epidemiology] amphetamine dependence/ep [Epidemiology] anemia/ep [Epidemiology] anorexia nervosa/ep [Epidemiology] anxiety disorder/ep [Epidemiology] appendicitis/ep [Epidemiology] article asbestosis/ep [Epidemiology] ascariasis/ep [Epidemiology] Asperger syndrome/ep [Epidemiology] assault asthma/ep [Epidemiology] atrial fibrillation/ep [Epidemiology] attention deficit disorder/ep [Epidemiology] autism/ep [Epidemiology] automutilation/ep [Epidemiology] biliary tract cancer/ep [Epidemiology] biliary tract disease/ep [Epidemiology] bipolar disorder/ep [Epidemiology] bladder cancer/ep [Epidemiology] bleeding/ep [Epidemiology] brain cancer/ep [Epidemiology] brain disease/ep [Epidemiology] brain hemorrhage/ep [Epidemiology] brain ischemia/ep [Epidemiology] breast cancer/ep [Epidemiology] bronchus cancer/ep [Epidemiology] bulimia/ep [Epidemiology] cannabis addiction/ep [Epidemiology] cardiomyopathy/ep [Epidemiology] cardiovascular disease/ep [Epidemiology] cataract/ep [Epidemiology] cause of death cellulitis/ep [Epidemiology] cerebrovascular disease/ep [Epidemiology] Chagas disease/ep [Epidemiology] chickenpox/ep [Epidemiology] chlamydiasis/ep [Epidemiology] chromosome aberration/ep [Epidemiology] chronic kidney failure/ep [Epidemiology] chronic liver disease/ep [Epidemiology] chronic lymphatic leukemia/ep [Epidemiology] chronic myeloid leukemia/ep [Epidemiology] chronic obstructive lung disease/ep [Epidemiology] chronic respiratory tract disease/ep [Epidemiology] cocaine dependence/ep [Epidemiology] cold exposure colon cancer/ep [Epidemiology] comorbidity conduct disorder/ep [Epidemiology] conflict congenital heart malformation/ep [Epidemiology] congenital malformation/ep [Epidemiology] cutaneous melanoma/ep [Epidemiology] cyclist cysticercosis/ep [Epidemiology] deciduous tooth decubitus/ep [Epidemiology] dementia/ep [Epidemiology] demography dengue/ep [Epidemiology] dental caries/ep [Epidemiology] depression/ep [Epidemiology] dermatitis/ep [Epidemiology] dermatomycosis/ep [Epidemiology] diabetes mellitus/ep [Epidemiology] diarrhea/ep [Epidemiology] diphtheria/ep [Epidemiology] *disability/co [Complication] disability severity Down syndrome/ep [Epidemiology] dracunculiasis/ep [Epidemiology] drowning/ep [Epidemiology] drug dependence/ep [Epidemiology] drug resistant tuberculosis/ep [Epidemiology] duodenitis/ep [Epidemiology] dysthymia/ep [Epidemiology] dystocia/ep [Epidemiology] eating disorder/ep [Epidemiology] Ebola hemorrhagic fever/ep [Epidemiology] echinococcosis/ep [Epidemiology] encephalitis/ep [Epidemiology] endocarditis/ep [Epidemiology] endocrine disease/ep [Epidemiology] endometriosis/ep [Epidemiology] enteropathy/ep [Epidemiology] environmental exposure epilepsy/ep [Epidemiology] esophagus cancer/ep [Epidemiology] extensively drug resistant tuberculosis/ep [Epidemiology] falling female female infertility/ep [Epidemiology] femoral hernia/ep [Epidemiology] fertility foreign body/ep [Epidemiology] gallbladder cancer/ep [Epidemiology] gallbladder disease/ep [Epidemiology] gastritis/ep [Epidemiology] gastrointestinal disease/ep [Epidemiology] gastrointestinal malformation/ep [Epidemiology] genital herpes/ep [Epidemiology] geography glaucoma/ep [Epidemiology] *global disease burden glomerulonephritis/ep [Epidemiology] glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency/ep [Epidemiology] gonorrhea/ep [Epidemiology] gout/ep [Epidemiology] Guillain Barre syndrome/ep [Epidemiology] gunshot injury/ep [Epidemiology] gynecologic disease/ep [Epidemiology] Haemophilus infection/ep [Epidemiology] hearing impairment/ep [Epidemiology] heart atrium flutter/ep [Epidemiology] heart failure/ep [Epidemiology] hematologic disease/ep [Epidemiology] hemoglobinopathy/ep [Epidemiology] hemolytic anemia/ep [Epidemiology] hepatitis/ep [Epidemiology] hepatitis B/ep [Epidemiology] hepatitis C/ep [Epidemiology] hepatitis E/ep [Epidemiology] herpes zoster/ep [Epidemiology] Hodgkin disease/ep [Epidemiology] hookworm infection/ep [Epidemiology] human Human immunodeficiency virus infection/ep [Epidemiology] hypertension/ep [Epidemiology] idiopathic disease/ep [Epidemiology] immune deficiency/ep [Epidemiology] incidence income infertility/ep [Epidemiology] inflammatory bowel disease/ep [Epidemiology] inguinal hernia/ep [Epidemiology] *injury/ep [Epidemiology] intellectual impairment/ep [Epidemiology] interstitial lung disease/ep [Epidemiology] interstitial nephritis/ep [Epidemiology] intestine infection/ep [Epidemiology] intestine obstruction/ep [Epidemiology] intoxication/ep [Epidemiology] iodine deficiency/ep [Epidemiology] iron deficiency anemia/ep [Epidemiology] ischemic heart disease/ep [Epidemiology] kidney cancer/ep [Epidemiology] Klinefelter syndrome/ep [Epidemiology] larynx cancer/ep [Epidemiology] latent tuberculosis/ep [Epidemiology] leishmaniasis/ep [Epidemiology] leprosy/ep [Epidemiology] leukemia/ep [Epidemiology] limb malformation/ep [Epidemiology] lip cancer/ep [Epidemiology] liver cancer/ep [Epidemiology] liver cirrhosis/ep [Epidemiology] low back pain/ep [Epidemiology] lower respiratory tract infection/ep [Epidemiology] lung cancer/ep [Epidemiology] lung sarcoidosis/ep [Epidemiology] lymphatic filariasis/ep [Epidemiology] macular degeneration/ep [Epidemiology] major clinical study major depression/ep [Epidemiology] malaria/ep [Epidemiology] male male infertility/ep [Epidemiology] malignant neoplasm/ep [Epidemiology] maternal disease/ep [Epidemiology] maternal hypertension/ep [Epidemiology] measles/ep [Epidemiology] meningococcosis/ep [Epidemiology] mental disease/ep [Epidemiology] mesothelioma/ep [Epidemiology] metabolic disorder/ep [Epidemiology] migraine/ep [Epidemiology] mortality rate motor neuron disease/ep [Epidemiology] motor vehicle motorcyclist mouth cancer/ep [Epidemiology] mouth disease/ep [Epidemiology] multidrug resistant tuberculosis/ep [Epidemiology] multiple myeloma/ep 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epidemiology major clinical study major depression / epidemiology malaria / epidemiology male male infertility / epidemiology malignant neoplasm / epidemiology maternal disease / epidemiology maternal hypertension / epidemiology measles / epidemiology meningococcosis / epidemiology mental disease / epidemiology mesothelioma / epidemiology metabolic disorder / epidemiology migraine / epidemiology mortality rate motor neuron disease / epidemiology motor vehicle motorcyclist mouth cancer / epidemiology mouth disease / epidemiology multidrug resistant tuberculosis / epidemiology multiple myeloma / epidemiology multiple sclerosis / epidemiology musculoskeletal disease / epidemiology myocarditis / epidemiology nasopharynx cancer / epidemiology neck pain / epidemiology nematodiasis / epidemiology nervous system cancer / epidemiology neural tube defect / epidemiology neurologic disease / epidemiology newborn newborn disease / epidemiology newborn infection / epidemiology newborn jaundice / 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