Digital twin technologies for supporting self-care in adults with diet-related chronic conditions: a systematic review.

Abstract

Background: Diet-related chronic conditions are major contributors to global morbidity and mortality. Effective management of these conditions requires consistent engagement in self-care behaviours such as healthy eating, physical activity, and medication adherence. However, behavioural interventions often lack personalisation, limiting their impact, whereas digital twin (DT) systems, which use digital technologies to generate real-time representations of individuals, offer the potential to support people through adaptive and patient-centred approaches by integrating health data to personalise and optimise self-care strategies. Objective(s): A systematic review was conducted to synthesise and evaluate the use of DT for supporting self-care behaviours among adults with diet-related chronic conditions Methods: Five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and IEEE Xplore) were searched from inception to 31 July 2025. Studies including adults with diet-related chronic conditions, using DT interventions, and reporting changes in self-care maintenance, monitoring, or management were eligible. Result(s): Of 3,685 records identified, four studies (N = 2,662) met the inclusion criteria, all focusing on type 2 diabetes. All four studies used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and three additionally used wearable devices and dietary logs integrated with AI-driven DT platforms to provide personalised feedback and recommendations, often alongside human coaching. Two retrospective studies found substantial reductions in antidiabetic medication use, with one reporting a 74% reduction over one year including discontinuation of insulin in 94% of baseline insulin users, and large class-specific declines, such as sulfonylureas (-99%) and DPP-4 inhibitors (-88%), with many participants maintaining HbA1c < 7% on no therapy or metformin monotherapy, and the other showing that 42.8% of participants eliminated all diabetes medications within 90 days while maintaining glycaemic control (via a staged medication-reduction framework). One randomised controlled trial found that 94% of participants discontinued all T2D medications and 72.7% achieved diabetes remission after one year, accompanied by increased daily steps, improved sleep, and reduced sedentary time (with only 4.7% remaining on metformin alone at one year). Another study found that personalised insulin infusion guided by a DT over 14 days reduced insulin doses by 14-29% and increased time in the target glucose range to 86-97% (personal insulin pump data over a 14-day collection period) Conclusion(s): DT-based interventions demonstrated potential to enhance multi-behavioural self-care and clinical outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Evidence is currently limited to diabetes, highlighting the need for studies in other diet-related chronic conditions and standardised assessment of self-care behaviours.Copyright © 2026 The Author(s)